NEW YORK (AP) — Regulators seized troubled First Republic Bank early Monday — making it the second-largest bank failure in US history — and promptly sold all of its deposits and most of its assets to JPMorgan Chase in a bid to end the turmoil that has raised questions about the health of the US banking system.

It’s the third midsize bank to fail in less than two months. The only larger bank failure in US history was Washington Mutual, which collapsed at the height of the 2008 financial crisis and was also taken over by JPMorgan in a similar Government-orchestrated deal.

“Our Government invited us and others to step up, and we did,” said Jamie Dimon, chairman and CEO of JPMorgan Chase.

First Republic’s 84 branches opened on Monday as branches of JPMorgan Chase, which acquired the bank’s US$92 billion in deposits and US$203 billion in loans and other securities. The bank’s shareholders are likely to be wiped out as part of the deal.

Dimon said in a conference call with both reporters and investors that he believed “this part of this [banking] crisis is over”. Other midsize banks reported their results last week, and the vast majority of them showed deposits had stabilised and profits remained relatively healthy. The outlier was First Republic.

Once the envy of the banking industry, First Republic has struggled since the March collapses of Silicon Valley Bank and Signature Bank. The bank catered to wealthy clients and had taken on a large amount of uninsured deposits — that is, deposits above the US$250,000 limit set by the FDIC.

As was the case with Silicon Valley Bank and Signature Bank, those clients with large accounts at First Republic were quick to pull their money at the first sign of trouble.

“Too many [First Republic] customers showed their true loyalties were to their own fears,” wrote Timothy Coffey, an analyst with Janney Montgomery Scott, in a note to investors.

A coalition of a dozen banks pulled together a US$30-billion funding package for First Republic last month that, for a while, seemed to stanch the bleeding of deposits. But it became increasingly clear that First Republic was on borrowed time: it needed to find a buyer, or find new forms of funding to replace the deposits that had left the bank.

First Republic planned to sell off unprofitable assets, including low-interest mortgages that it provided to wealthy clients. It also announced plans to lay off up to a quarter of its workforce, which totalled about 7,200 employees in late 2022. But it was seen as too little, too late, by analysts.

The US$30-billion package “bought time when time was needed” for First Republic, said Jeremy Barnum, JPMorgan’s chief financial officer, in a call with reporters.

Last Monday, First Republic reported its first-quarter results and stunned analysts and investors when it revealed that US$100 billion in deposits had flowed out of the bank, most in mid-March immediately after the failure of Silicon Valley Bank and Signature Bank. Its executives took no questions from analysts on an earning conference call. First Republic’s stock plunged more than 50 per cent the day after the report.

By mid last week it became clear Government intervention in First Republic was necessary. Treasury officials asked banks to submit bids for First Republic, and bankers and regulators worked through the weekend to find a way forward.

Once again JPMorgan Chase, the nation’s biggest bank with a reputation as a dealmaker during times of crisis, became the Government’s go-to bank. Treasury officials had enlisted JPMorgan last month to lead the US$30-billion rescue package. Back in 2008 Dimon was the go-to banker for Washington to find private solutions for that banking crisis, and JPMorgan acquired both Bear Stearns and Washington Mutual.

The Federal Reserve and FDIC, which regulate the banking industry along with the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency, could face renewed criticism over their handling of First Republic. Both acknowledged Friday in separate reports that lax supervision had contributed to the failures of Silicon Valley Bank and Signature Bank.

As First Republic grew its deposits it used them to fund more and more low-interest rate loans to customers. When the Fed rapidly increased interest rates last year, the value of those loans decreased.

“These banks were allowed to get too big too quickly when interest rates were low,” Coffey said in an interview.

There could also now be questions about the size of JPMorgan Chase, which has more than US$3 trillion in assets and is by far the biggest of the “too big to fail” institutions around the world.

Regulators “permitted the country’s biggest bank to get even bigger. We expect this will be a Democratic focus for months”, said Jaret Seiberg, banking analyst at TD Cowen.

JPMorgan is so big that by law it would not be allowed to buy First Republic because no one bank can have more than a 10 per cent market share of deposits in the US. It is only because First Republic failed that JPMorgan was able to step in.

JPMorgan expects the addition of First Republic to add US$500 million to its net income per year, although it expects to incur US$2 billion in costs for integrating First Republic into its operations over the next 18 months.