GASTROENTERITIS in children is most commonly caused by viruses. They get this infection by touching contaminated objects then placing their hands in their mouths. Most times, this infection is spread in daycares and schools.

In addition to viruses, gastroenteritis, which is inflammation of the stomach and intestines, is caused by bacteria and parasites.

SYMPTOMS

Symptoms of the infection include diarrhoea, vomiting, nausea, abdominal pain, fever, lethargy, irritability, decreased appetite.

There will also be signs of dehydration as a result, some of which include: dry mouth, absent tears, sunken eyes, decreased urination or decrease in the number of wet diapers.

TREATMENT

There is loss of fluid and electrolytes when vomiting and diarrhoea occur, so it is important to replace this loss.

Fluids used for treatment include oral rehydration salts and children’s rehydrating solutions. Children should drink small amounts of this fluid periodically (one teaspoon every one to two minutes), instead of large amounts all at once. Avoid fluids with a lot of sugar.

Parents should seek medical attention when they notice signs of dehydration, increased episodes of vomiting and inability to tolerate fluids, severe abdominal pain, blood is seen in vomit or stool, and if there is any concern. Children with underlying conditions such as heart or kidney disease and infants should see a doctor as they tend to get dehydrated quickly.

Children might refuse food initially, which is not a problem if they are taking the right amount of fluids, so that they don’t get dehydrated. Once they are hungry and able to tolerate fluids, they should be offered food even if diarrhoea continues.

PREVENTION

* Proper hand washing is essential, especially after going to the toilet, diaper changing and before handling food

* If clothing or bedding has stool, then put stool in toilet and wash them separately.

* Keep children away from daycare, kindergarten and school until diarrhoea stops.

* There is a vaccine available which protects against rotavirus. Rotavirus is the most common cause of viral gastroenteritis. It is given to infants less than six months.

Thorough hand washing is the most important measure in preventing your child from getting this illness and also avoiding water or food prepared with unsafe water.

Dr Michelle Williams is a paediatrician at Kidz Klinik. She may be contacted at dr.michelle.williams2014@ gmail.com