Rising riches: 1 in 5 in US reaches affluence
WASHINGTON, USA
FULLY 20 per cent of US adults become rich for parts of their lives, wielding extensive influence over America’s economy and politics, according to new survey data.
These “new rich,” made up largely of older professionals, working married couples
and more educated singles, are becoming politically influential, and economists say their capacity to spend is key to the US economic recovery. But their rise is also a sign of the nation’s continuing economic polarisation.
They extend well beyond the wealthiest one per cent, a traditional group of super-rich millionaires and billionaires with long-held family assets. The new rich have household income of US$250,000 or more at some point during their working lives, putting them — if sometimes temporarily — in the top two per cent of earners.
The new survey data on the affluent are being published in an upcoming book, and an analysis by The AP-NORC Center for Public Affairs Research provided additional information on the views of the group.
In a country where poverty is at a record high, today’s new rich are notable for their sense of economic fragility. They rely on income from their work to maintain their social position and pay for things such as private tutoring for their children. That makes them much more fiscally conservative than other Americans, polling suggests, and less likely to support public programmes, such as food stamps or early public education, to help the disadvantaged.
Last week, President Barack Obama asserted that growing inequality is “the defining challenge of our time,” signalling that it will be a major theme for Democrats in next year’s elections.
“In this country, you don’t get anywhere without working hard,” said James Lott, 28, a pharmacist in Renton, Washington, who adds to his six-figure salary by day-trading stocks. The son of Nigerian immigrants, Lott says he was able to get ahead by earning an advanced pharmacy degree. He makes nearly US$200,000 a year.
After growing up on food stamps, Lott now splurges occasionally on nicer restaurants, Hugo Boss shoes and extended vacations to New Orleans, Atlanta and parts of Latin America. He believes government should play a role in helping the disadvantaged. But he says the poor should be encouraged to support themselves, explaining that his single mother rose out of hardship by starting a day-care business in their home.
The new research suggests that affluent Americans are more numerous than government data depict, encompassing 21 per cent of working-age adults for at least a year by the time they turn 60. That proportion has more than doubled since 1979.
Even outside periods of unusual wealth, members of this group generally hover in the US$100,000-plus income range, keeping them in the top 20 per cent of earners.
At the same time, an increasing polarisation of low-wage work and high-skill jobs has left middle-income careers depleted.
“For many in this group, the American dream is not dead. They have reached affluence for parts of their lives and see it as very attainable, even if the dream has become more elusive for everyone else,” says Mark Rank, a professor at Washington University in St. Louis, who calculated numbers on the affluent for a forthcoming book, “Chasing the American Dream,” to be published by the Oxford University Press.
As the fastest-growing group based on take-home pay, the new rich tend to enjoy better schools, employment and gated communities, making it easier to pass on their privilege to their children.
Because their rising status comes at a time when upward mobility in the US ranks lowest among wealthy industrialised counties, the spending attitudes of the new rich have implications for politics and policy. It’s now become even harder for people at the bottom to
move up.
The group is more liberal than lower-income groups on issues such as abortion and gay marriage, according to an analysis of General Social Survey data by the AP-NORC Center for Public Affairs Research. But when it comes to money, their views aren’t so open. They’re wary of any government role in closing the income gap.
In Gallup polling in October, 60 per cent of people making US$90,000 or more said average Americans already had “plenty of opportunity” to get ahead. Among those making less than US$48,000, the share was 48 per cent
Sometimes referred to by marketers as the “mass affluent,” the new rich make up roughly 25 million US households and account for nearly 40 per cent of total US consumer spending.
While pay cheques shrank for most Americans after the 2007-2009 recession, theirs held steady or edged higher. In 2012, the top 20 per cent of US households took home a record 51 per cent of the nation’s income. The median income of this group is more than US$150,000.
Once concentrated in the old-money enclaves of the Northeast, the new rich are now spread across the US, mostly in bigger cities and their suburbs. They include Washington, DC; Boston, Los Angeles, New York, San Francisco and Seattle. By race, whites are three times more likely to reach affluence than non-whites.
Paul F Nunes, managing director at Accenture’s Institute for High Performance and Research, calls this group “the new power brokers of consumption.” Because they spend just 60 per cent of their before-tax income, often setting the rest aside for retirement or investing, he says their capacity to spend more will be important to a US economic recovery.
In Miami, developers are betting on a growing luxury market, building higher-end malls featuring Cartier, Armani and Louis Vuitton and hoping to expand on South Florida’s Bal Harbour, a favored hideaway of the rich.
“It’s not that I don’t have money. It’s more like I don’t have time,” said Deborah Sponder, 57, walking her dog Ava recently along Miami’s blossoming Design District. She was headed to one of her two art galleries — this one between the Emilio Pucci and Cartier stores and close to the Louis Vuitton and Hermes storefronts.
But Sponder says she doesn’t consider her income of US$250,000 as upper class, noting that she is paying college tuition for her three children. “Between rent, schooling and everything — it comes in and goes out.”
The new rich’s influence will only grow as middle-class families below them struggle. The Federal Reserve said Monday that the nation’s wealth rose 2.6 per cent from July through September to US$77.3 trillion, a record high, boosted in part by a surging stock market. But the gains haven’t been equally distributed; the wealthiest 10 per cent of US households own about 80 per cent of stocks.
Both Democrats and Republicans are awakening to the political realities presented by this new demographic bubble.
Traditionally Republican, the group makes up more than one in four voters and is now more politically divided, better educated and less white and male than in the past, according to Election Day exit polls dating to the 1970s.
Sixty-nine per cent of upper-income voters backed Republican Ronald Reagan and his supply-side economics of tax cuts in 1984. By 2008, Democrat Barack Obama had split their vote evenly, 49-49.
In 2012, Obama lost the group, with 54 per cent backing Republican Mitt Romney.
“For the Democrats’ part, traditional economic populism is poorly suited for affluent professionals,” says Alan Abramowitz, an Emory University professor who specialises in political polarisation.
The new rich includes Robert Kane, 39, of Colorado Springs, Colorado.
A former stockbroker who once owned three houses and voted steadfastly Republican, Kane says he was humbled after the 2008 financial meltdown, which he says exposed Wall Street’s excesses. Now a senior vice president for a private equity firm specialising in the marijuana business, Kane says he’s concerned about upward mobility for the poor and calls wealthy politicians such as Romney “out of touch.”
But Kane, now a registered independent, draws the line when it comes to higher taxes. “A dollar is best in your hand rather than the government’s,” he says.